This pipeline computes the correlation between significantly recurrent gene mutations and molecular subtypes.
Testing the association between mutation status of 26 genes and 10 molecular subtypes across 219 patients, 21 significant findings detected with P value < 0.05 and Q value < 0.25.
-
PIK3CA mutation correlated to 'CN_CNMF', 'METHLYATION_CNMF', 'RPPA_CHIERARCHICAL', 'MRNASEQ_CNMF', 'MRNASEQ_CHIERARCHICAL', and 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CHIERARCHICAL'.
-
PGM5 mutation correlated to 'METHLYATION_CNMF'.
-
CBWD1 mutation correlated to 'CN_CNMF', 'METHLYATION_CNMF', and 'RPPA_CNMF'.
-
TP53 mutation correlated to 'CN_CNMF', 'METHLYATION_CNMF', 'MRNASEQ_CNMF', 'MIRSEQ_CHIERARCHICAL', and 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CHIERARCHICAL'.
-
ARID1A mutation correlated to 'CN_CNMF', 'MRNASEQ_CNMF', and 'MRNASEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'.
-
RHOA mutation correlated to 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CNMF'.
-
BCOR mutation correlated to 'METHLYATION_CNMF' and 'MIRSEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'.
Table 1. Get Full Table Overview of the association between mutation status of 26 genes and 10 molecular subtypes. Shown in the table are P values (Q values). Thresholded by P value < 0.05 and Q value < 0.25, 21 significant findings detected.
Clinical Features |
CN CNMF |
METHLYATION CNMF |
RPPA CNMF |
RPPA CHIERARCHICAL |
MRNASEQ CNMF |
MRNASEQ CHIERARCHICAL |
MIRSEQ CNMF |
MIRSEQ CHIERARCHICAL |
MIRSEQ MATURE CNMF |
MIRSEQ MATURE CHIERARCHICAL |
||
nMutated (%) | nWild-Type | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | Chi-square test | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | Fisher's exact test | |
PIK3CA | 48 (22%) | 171 |
5.42e-05 (0.0133) |
1.83e-09 (4.65e-07) |
0.0119 (1.00) |
0.000478 (0.114) |
0.000815 (0.194) |
5.05e-07 (0.000128) |
0.017 (1.00) |
0.00544 (1.00) |
0.0478 (1.00) |
0.000865 (0.205) |
TP53 | 98 (45%) | 121 |
9.45e-11 (2.41e-08) |
3.18e-05 (0.00792) |
0.209 (1.00) |
0.667 (1.00) |
0.000382 (0.0921) |
0.00163 (0.377) |
0.00723 (1.00) |
5.1e-06 (0.00128) |
0.286 (1.00) |
0.000325 (0.0786) |
CBWD1 | 28 (13%) | 191 |
9.54e-05 (0.0232) |
1.79e-06 (0.000452) |
5.26e-05 (0.013) |
0.00312 (0.699) |
0.00122 (0.286) |
0.00844 (1.00) |
0.0309 (1.00) |
0.00232 (0.528) |
0.178 (1.00) |
0.00237 (0.537) |
ARID1A | 41 (19%) | 178 |
6.15e-05 (0.0151) |
0.00262 (0.591) |
0.0122 (1.00) |
0.19 (1.00) |
0.00097 (0.229) |
1.85e-05 (0.00463) |
0.0423 (1.00) |
0.0392 (1.00) |
0.679 (1.00) |
0.297 (1.00) |
BCOR | 16 (7%) | 203 |
0.00518 (1.00) |
6.67e-05 (0.0163) |
0.147 (1.00) |
0.0109 (1.00) |
0.0583 (1.00) |
0.0234 (1.00) |
0.0129 (1.00) |
0.000453 (0.109) |
0.273 (1.00) |
0.151 (1.00) |
PGM5 | 22 (10%) | 197 |
0.00223 (0.51) |
4.28e-05 (0.0106) |
0.159 (1.00) |
0.0601 (1.00) |
0.00267 (0.601) |
0.0046 (1.00) |
0.264 (1.00) |
0.0242 (1.00) |
0.0857 (1.00) |
0.138 (1.00) |
RHOA | 13 (6%) | 206 |
0.159 (1.00) |
0.189 (1.00) |
0.871 (1.00) |
1 (1.00) |
0.623 (1.00) |
0.238 (1.00) |
0.00166 (0.382) |
0.185 (1.00) |
0.00106 (0.248) |
0.127 (1.00) |
TRIM48 | 14 (6%) | 205 |
0.235 (1.00) |
0.322 (1.00) |
0.0289 (1.00) |
0.164 (1.00) |
0.377 (1.00) |
0.925 (1.00) |
0.472 (1.00) |
0.28 (1.00) |
0.0931 (1.00) |
0.597 (1.00) |
KRAS | 25 (11%) | 194 |
0.0145 (1.00) |
0.127 (1.00) |
0.541 (1.00) |
0.96 (1.00) |
0.262 (1.00) |
0.0511 (1.00) |
0.262 (1.00) |
0.184 (1.00) |
0.233 (1.00) |
0.947 (1.00) |
SMAD4 | 19 (9%) | 200 |
0.948 (1.00) |
0.963 (1.00) |
0.0592 (1.00) |
0.747 (1.00) |
0.033 (1.00) |
0.0914 (1.00) |
0.409 (1.00) |
0.618 (1.00) |
0.248 (1.00) |
0.201 (1.00) |
MXRA8 | 10 (5%) | 209 |
0.156 (1.00) |
0.0232 (1.00) |
0.273 (1.00) |
0.0118 (1.00) |
0.00479 (1.00) |
0.0989 (1.00) |
0.0322 (1.00) |
0.0102 (1.00) |
0.541 (1.00) |
0.125 (1.00) |
IRF2 | 15 (7%) | 204 |
0.158 (1.00) |
0.233 (1.00) |
0.118 (1.00) |
0.588 (1.00) |
0.059 (1.00) |
0.199 (1.00) |
0.00786 (1.00) |
0.0221 (1.00) |
0.0852 (1.00) |
0.0309 (1.00) |
CDH1 | 18 (8%) | 201 |
0.215 (1.00) |
0.458 (1.00) |
0.611 (1.00) |
0.443 (1.00) |
0.0481 (1.00) |
0.0529 (1.00) |
0.016 (1.00) |
0.0675 (1.00) |
0.0561 (1.00) |
0.114 (1.00) |
PTEN | 14 (6%) | 205 |
0.0166 (1.00) |
0.0152 (1.00) |
0.00319 (0.711) |
0.0191 (1.00) |
0.0222 (1.00) |
0.0956 (1.00) |
0.115 (1.00) |
0.022 (1.00) |
0.207 (1.00) |
0.0121 (1.00) |
FBXW7 | 19 (9%) | 200 |
0.0318 (1.00) |
0.022 (1.00) |
0.00143 (0.334) |
0.00428 (0.938) |
0.00378 (0.839) |
0.942 (1.00) |
0.0467 (1.00) |
0.00412 (0.907) |
0.00402 (0.889) |
0.00596 (1.00) |
B2M | 8 (4%) | 211 |
0.0175 (1.00) |
0.0232 (1.00) |
0.086 (1.00) |
0.414 (1.00) |
0.13 (1.00) |
0.683 (1.00) |
0.314 (1.00) |
0.15 (1.00) |
0.907 (1.00) |
0.125 (1.00) |
PTH2 | 4 (2%) | 215 |
1 (1.00) |
0.687 (1.00) |
1 (1.00) |
0.836 (1.00) |
0.336 (1.00) |
1 (1.00) |
0.467 (1.00) |
1 (1.00) |
0.821 (1.00) |
1 (1.00) |
FAM46D | 6 (3%) | 213 |
0.548 (1.00) |
0.708 (1.00) |
0.744 (1.00) |
0.425 (1.00) |
0.152 (1.00) |
0.64 (1.00) |
0.878 (1.00) |
0.766 (1.00) |
1 (1.00) |
0.71 (1.00) |
APC | 33 (15%) | 186 |
1 (1.00) |
0.0207 (1.00) |
0.0627 (1.00) |
0.0631 (1.00) |
0.178 (1.00) |
0.031 (1.00) |
0.00869 (1.00) |
0.0136 (1.00) |
0.0623 (1.00) |
0.00145 (0.337) |
RNF43 | 9 (4%) | 210 |
0.0478 (1.00) |
0.596 (1.00) |
0.576 (1.00) |
0.189 (1.00) |
0.0708 (1.00) |
0.53 (1.00) |
0.435 (1.00) |
0.182 (1.00) |
0.881 (1.00) |
0.411 (1.00) |
MAP2K7 | 14 (6%) | 205 |
0.0166 (1.00) |
0.0984 (1.00) |
0.822 (1.00) |
0.81 (1.00) |
0.191 (1.00) |
0.861 (1.00) |
0.308 (1.00) |
0.085 (1.00) |
0.791 (1.00) |
0.461 (1.00) |
WSB2 | 7 (3%) | 212 |
0.224 (1.00) |
0.131 (1.00) |
0.086 (1.00) |
0.0797 (1.00) |
0.115 (1.00) |
0.21 (1.00) |
0.0319 (1.00) |
0.00742 (1.00) |
0.252 (1.00) |
0.0666 (1.00) |
TRPS1 | 30 (14%) | 189 |
0.67 (1.00) |
0.0397 (1.00) |
0.106 (1.00) |
0.108 (1.00) |
0.0158 (1.00) |
0.554 (1.00) |
0.437 (1.00) |
0.414 (1.00) |
0.327 (1.00) |
0.231 (1.00) |
C13ORF33 | 6 (3%) | 213 |
0.749 (1.00) |
0.0165 (1.00) |
0.0147 (1.00) |
0.113 (1.00) |
0.11 (1.00) |
0.682 (1.00) |
0.589 (1.00) |
0.333 (1.00) |
0.324 (1.00) |
0.411 (1.00) |
HRCT1 | 4 (2%) | 215 |
0.297 (1.00) |
0.915 (1.00) |
0.348 (1.00) |
0.123 (1.00) |
0.109 (1.00) |
0.0341 (1.00) |
0.389 (1.00) |
0.332 (1.00) |
||
IAPP | 4 (2%) | 215 |
0.377 (1.00) |
0.844 (1.00) |
0.533 (1.00) |
0.742 (1.00) |
0.214 (1.00) |
0.688 (1.00) |
0.821 (1.00) |
P value = 5.42e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.013
Table S1. Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 109 | 35 | 74 |
PIK3CA MUTATED | 36 | 7 | 5 |
PIK3CA WILD-TYPE | 73 | 28 | 69 |
Figure S1. Get High-res Image Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'

P value = 1.83e-09 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 4.6e-07
Table S2. Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 27 | 51 | 44 | 53 |
PIK3CA MUTATED | 19 | 15 | 4 | 4 |
PIK3CA WILD-TYPE | 8 | 36 | 40 | 49 |
Figure S2. Get High-res Image Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'

P value = 0.000478 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.11
Table S3. Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #4: 'RPPA_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 74 | 38 | 84 |
PIK3CA MUTATED | 7 | 15 | 23 |
PIK3CA WILD-TYPE | 67 | 23 | 61 |
Figure S3. Get High-res Image Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #4: 'RPPA_CHIERARCHICAL'

P value = 0.000815 (Chi-square test), Q value = 0.19
Table S4. Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #5: 'MRNASEQ_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 | CLUS_5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 45 | 43 | 29 | 33 | 44 |
PIK3CA MUTATED | 19 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 3 |
PIK3CA WILD-TYPE | 26 | 35 | 25 | 23 | 41 |
Figure S4. Get High-res Image Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #5: 'MRNASEQ_CNMF'

P value = 5.05e-07 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.00013
Table S5. Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #6: 'MRNASEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 48 | 97 | 49 |
PIK3CA MUTATED | 5 | 37 | 2 |
PIK3CA WILD-TYPE | 43 | 60 | 47 |
Figure S5. Get High-res Image Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #6: 'MRNASEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'

P value = 0.000865 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.2
Table S6. Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #10: 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 38 | 47 | 91 |
PIK3CA MUTATED | 2 | 9 | 31 |
PIK3CA WILD-TYPE | 36 | 38 | 60 |
Figure S6. Get High-res Image Gene #2: 'PIK3CA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #10: 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CHIERARCHICAL'

P value = 4.28e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.011
Table S7. Gene #3: 'PGM5 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 27 | 51 | 44 | 53 |
PGM5 MUTATED | 3 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
PGM5 WILD-TYPE | 24 | 39 | 43 | 53 |
Figure S7. Get High-res Image Gene #3: 'PGM5 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'

P value = 9.54e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.023
Table S8. Gene #5: 'CBWD1 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 109 | 35 | 74 |
CBWD1 MUTATED | 23 | 4 | 1 |
CBWD1 WILD-TYPE | 86 | 31 | 73 |
Figure S8. Get High-res Image Gene #5: 'CBWD1 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'

P value = 1.79e-06 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.00045
Table S9. Gene #5: 'CBWD1 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 27 | 51 | 44 | 53 |
CBWD1 MUTATED | 4 | 16 | 2 | 0 |
CBWD1 WILD-TYPE | 23 | 35 | 42 | 53 |
Figure S9. Get High-res Image Gene #5: 'CBWD1 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'

P value = 5.26e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.013
Table S10. Gene #5: 'CBWD1 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #3: 'RPPA_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 61 | 68 | 67 |
CBWD1 MUTATED | 18 | 2 | 7 |
CBWD1 WILD-TYPE | 43 | 66 | 60 |
Figure S10. Get High-res Image Gene #5: 'CBWD1 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #3: 'RPPA_CNMF'

P value = 9.45e-11 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 2.4e-08
Table S11. Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 109 | 35 | 74 |
TP53 MUTATED | 24 | 24 | 49 |
TP53 WILD-TYPE | 85 | 11 | 25 |
Figure S11. Get High-res Image Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'

P value = 3.18e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.0079
Table S12. Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 27 | 51 | 44 | 53 |
TP53 MUTATED | 5 | 25 | 15 | 37 |
TP53 WILD-TYPE | 22 | 26 | 29 | 16 |
Figure S12. Get High-res Image Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'

P value = 0.000382 (Chi-square test), Q value = 0.092
Table S13. Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #5: 'MRNASEQ_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 | CLUS_5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 45 | 43 | 29 | 33 | 44 |
TP53 MUTATED | 14 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 30 |
TP53 WILD-TYPE | 31 | 31 | 19 | 15 | 14 |
Figure S13. Get High-res Image Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #5: 'MRNASEQ_CNMF'

P value = 5.1e-06 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.0013
Table S14. Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #8: 'MIRSEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 93 | 55 | 71 |
TP53 MUTATED | 36 | 40 | 22 |
TP53 WILD-TYPE | 57 | 15 | 49 |
Figure S14. Get High-res Image Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #8: 'MIRSEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'

P value = 0.000325 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.079
Table S15. Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #10: 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 38 | 47 | 91 |
TP53 MUTATED | 27 | 13 | 43 |
TP53 WILD-TYPE | 11 | 34 | 48 |
Figure S15. Get High-res Image Gene #6: 'TP53 MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #10: 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CHIERARCHICAL'

P value = 6.15e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.015
Table S16. Gene #7: 'ARID1A MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 109 | 35 | 74 |
ARID1A MUTATED | 33 | 3 | 5 |
ARID1A WILD-TYPE | 76 | 32 | 69 |
Figure S16. Get High-res Image Gene #7: 'ARID1A MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #1: 'CN_CNMF'

P value = 0.00097 (Chi-square test), Q value = 0.23
Table S17. Gene #7: 'ARID1A MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #5: 'MRNASEQ_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 | CLUS_5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 45 | 43 | 29 | 33 | 44 |
ARID1A MUTATED | 18 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 2 |
ARID1A WILD-TYPE | 27 | 34 | 25 | 27 | 42 |
Figure S17. Get High-res Image Gene #7: 'ARID1A MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #5: 'MRNASEQ_CNMF'

P value = 1.85e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.0046
Table S18. Gene #7: 'ARID1A MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #6: 'MRNASEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 48 | 97 | 49 |
ARID1A MUTATED | 7 | 31 | 1 |
ARID1A WILD-TYPE | 41 | 66 | 48 |
Figure S18. Get High-res Image Gene #7: 'ARID1A MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #6: 'MRNASEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'

P value = 0.00106 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.25
Table S19. Gene #9: 'RHOA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #9: 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 52 | 52 | 72 |
RHOA MUTATED | 3 | 8 | 0 |
RHOA WILD-TYPE | 49 | 44 | 72 |
Figure S19. Get High-res Image Gene #9: 'RHOA MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #9: 'MIRSEQ_MATURE_CNMF'

P value = 6.67e-05 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.016
Table S20. Gene #22: 'BCOR MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 | CLUS_4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALL | 27 | 51 | 44 | 53 |
BCOR MUTATED | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
BCOR WILD-TYPE | 20 | 49 | 43 | 53 |
Figure S20. Get High-res Image Gene #22: 'BCOR MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #2: 'METHLYATION_CNMF'

P value = 0.000453 (Fisher's exact test), Q value = 0.11
Table S21. Gene #22: 'BCOR MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #8: 'MIRSEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'
nPatients | CLUS_1 | CLUS_2 | CLUS_3 |
---|---|---|---|
ALL | 93 | 55 | 71 |
BCOR MUTATED | 14 | 0 | 2 |
BCOR WILD-TYPE | 79 | 55 | 69 |
Figure S21. Get High-res Image Gene #22: 'BCOR MUTATION STATUS' versus Clinical Feature #8: 'MIRSEQ_CHIERARCHICAL'

-
Mutation data file = STAD-TP.mutsig.cluster.txt
-
Molecular subtypes file = STAD-TP.transferedmergedcluster.txt
-
Number of patients = 219
-
Number of significantly mutated genes = 26
-
Number of Molecular subtypes = 10
-
Exclude genes that fewer than K tumors have mutations, K = 3
For binary or multi-class clinical features (nominal or ordinal), two-tailed Fisher's exact tests (Fisher 1922) were used to estimate the P values using the 'fisher.test' function in R
For multi-class clinical features (nominal or ordinal), Chi-square tests (Greenwood and Nikulin 1996) were used to estimate the P values using the 'chisq.test' function in R
For multiple hypothesis correction, Q value is the False Discovery Rate (FDR) analogue of the P value (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995), defined as the minimum FDR at which the test may be called significant. We used the 'Benjamini and Hochberg' method of 'p.adjust' function in R to convert P values into Q values.