This pipeline calculates clusters based on a consensus non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering method [1][2]. This pipeline has the following features:
-
Convert input data set to non-negativity matrix by column rank normalization.
-
Classify samples into consensus clusters.
-
Determine differentially expressed marker miRs for each subtype.
We filtered the data to 647 most variable miRs. Consensus NMF clustering of 198 samples and 647 miRs identified 3 subtypes with the stability of the clustering increasing for k = 2 to k = 8 and the average silhouette width calculation for selecting the robust clusters.
Figure 1. Silhouette width was calculated and the average silhouette width for all samples within one cluster was shown below according to different clusters (left panel). The robust cluster was pointed out by blue symbol (left panel) and the silhouette width of each sample in robust cluster was shown on right panel.
Figure 2. Tumours were separated into 3 clusters on the basis of miR expression with 198 samples and 737 marker miRs. The color bar of the row indicates the marker miRs for the corresponding cluster.
Figure 3. The miR expression heatmap with a standard hierarchical clustering for 198 samples and 647 most variable miRs.
Figure 4. The consensus matrix after clustering shows 3 robust clusters with limited overlap between clusters.
Figure 5. The correlation matrix also shows 3 robust clusters.
Table 1. Get Full Table List of samples with 3 subtypes and silhouette width.
| SampleName | cluster | silhouetteValue |
|---|---|---|
| TCGA-3B-A9HI-01A-11R-A38N-13 | 1 | 0.22 |
| TCGA-3B-A9HL-01A-11R-A38N-13 | 1 | 0.15 |
| TCGA-3B-A9HS-01A-11R-A39J-13 | 1 | 0.36 |
| TCGA-3R-A8YX-01A-11R-A37H-13 | 1 | 0.26 |
| TCGA-DX-A1KW-01A-22R-A24Y-13 | 1 | 0.38 |
| TCGA-DX-A1KX-01A-22R-A24Y-13 | 1 | 0.22 |
| TCGA-DX-A1L0-01A-11R-A24Y-13 | 1 | 0.32 |
| TCGA-DX-A23R-01A-11R-A26X-13 | 1 | 0.39 |
| TCGA-DX-A23T-01A-11R-A26X-13 | 1 | 0.18 |
| TCGA-DX-A23V-01A-11R-A29V-13 | 1 | 0.2 |
Table 2. Get Full Table List of samples belonging to each cluster in different k clusters.
| SampleName | K=2 | K=3 | K=4 | K=5 | K=6 | K=7 | K=8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCGA-3B-A9HI-01A-11R-A38N-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| TCGA-3B-A9HL-01A-11R-A38N-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| TCGA-3B-A9HS-01A-11R-A39J-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| TCGA-3R-A8YX-01A-11R-A37H-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 |
| TCGA-DX-A1KW-01A-22R-A24Y-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| TCGA-DX-A1KX-01A-22R-A24Y-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| TCGA-DX-A1L0-01A-11R-A24Y-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| TCGA-DX-A23R-01A-11R-A26X-13 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| TCGA-DX-A23T-01A-11R-A26X-13 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| TCGA-DX-A23V-01A-11R-A29V-13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Samples most representative of the clusters, hereby called core samples were identified based on positive silhouette width, indicating higher similarity to their own class than to any other class member. Core samples were used to select differentially expressed marker miRs for each subtype by comparing the subclass versus the other subclasses, using Student's t-test.
Table 3. Get Full Table List of marker miRs with p<= 0.05 (The positive value of column difference means miR is upregulated in this subtype and vice versa).
| Composite.Element.REF | p | difference | q | subclass |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HSA-LET-7A-3P|MIMAT0004481 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 1 |
| HSA-LET-7A-2-3P|MIMAT0010195 | 0.00047 | 0.86 | 0.002 | 1 |
| HSA-LET-7C-5P|MIMAT0000064 | 0.0023 | 0.84 | 0.0082 | 1 |
| HSA-LET-7E-5P|MIMAT0000066 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.093 | 1 |
| HSA-LET-7E-3P|MIMAT0004485 | 2.8e-12 | 1.1 | 2.7e-11 | 1 |
| HSA-LET-7F-1-3P|MIMAT0004486 | 0.0068 | -0.43 | 0.022 | 1 |
| HSA-MIR-16-5P|MIMAT0000069 | 0.000047 | -0.54 | 0.00022 | 1 |
| HSA-MIR-17-5P|MIMAT0000070 | 0.000019 | -0.7 | 0.000096 | 1 |
| HSA-MIR-20A-5P|MIMAT0000075 | 1.5e-07 | -0.94 | 1e-06 | 1 |
| HSA-MIR-21-5P|MIMAT0000076 | 2.4e-06 | -0.93 | 0.000014 | 1 |
miRseq (MIMATs) of RPM value (reads per million reads aligned to miRBase mature) with log2 transformed was as the input data for the clustering
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning algorithm that has been shown to identify molecular patterns when applied to gene expression data [1],[2]. Rather than separating gene clusters based on distance computation, NMF detects contextdependent patterns of gene expression in complex biological systems.
We use the cophenetic correlation coefficient [1] to determine the cluster that yields the most robust clustering. The cophenetic correlation coefficient is computed based on the consensus matrix of the CNMF clustering, and measures how reliably the same samples are assigned to the same cluster across many iterations of the clustering lgorithm with random initializations. The cophenetic correlation coefficient lies between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating more stable cluster assignments. We select the number of clusters k based on the largest observed correlation coefficient for all tested values of k.
Silhouette width is defined as the ratio of average distance of each sample to samples in the same cluster to the smallest distance to samples not in the same cluster. If silhouette width is close to 1, it means that sample is well clustered. If silhouette width is close to -1, it means that sample is misclassified [3][4].
In addition to the links below, the full results of the analysis summarized in this report can also be downloaded programmatically using firehose_get, or interactively from either the Broad GDAC website or TCGA Data Coordination Center Portal.